Commercial Operations of Water Transport

Starting from September 2012 cadets and students of Odessa National Maritime Academy have been privileged to attend academical disciplines lectured in English. I have also been involved in the process, though from the lecturers side, and launched Commercial Operations of Water Transport (COWT), i.e. the much updated version of Kommercheskaja Ekspluatacija Vodnogo Transporta (KEVT) in English.

COWT is a 108-hour course delivered to the 4th year cadets (students) of the Maritime Law Faculty. As COWT is a branch of Commercial Management it correlates with Maritime and Business Law, Shipbroking and Chartering, Maritime Insurance, Maritime Economics, Shipping Management and Logistics. The discipline studies and elaborates the interactions within the water transport, particularly those of the shipowners and the other actors in Shipping.

All the lectures are supported by the slide-shows. Here is an example of an abridged lecture:



In conclusion I would like to present the course outline:
Commercial aspects of shipping operations
World trade and shipping
Concept of parcel size distribution
Shipping as a transport system
Major sectors in shipping
International maritime passages and commerce
Port Agency services
Port charges and dues
Combined transportation
Foreign trade operations and contracts
Actors in the shipping business
International payment terms and settling practice
The international trade legal framework
International sales contract: structure and contents
Mercantile and shipping terms in international sales contracts
Incoterms
International freight market and its structure
Freight rate mechanism and indices
Chartering infrastructure and Brokage
Chartering routine
Broker-Customer relationship
Charter-party, Bill of Lading: role, types and functions
Carrier's liability as set in the international agreements
Contractual relations in Tramp Shipping
Contractual relations in Liner Shipping
Forms of competition in Liner Shipping
Contractual relations in combined shipping
Standard voyage charter-party forms
Common terms in the voyage charter in relation to ship
Common terms in the voyage charter in relation to cargo
Common terms in the voyage charter in relation to places of loading and delivery
Lay time, demurrage and despatch
Freight
Other terms and conditions in voyage charter-party
Lending and hiring ships on a time basis. Lessors and lessees
Time-Charter. Typical terms, clauses, standard forms
Bareboat-Charter. Typical terms, clauses, standard forms
Slot-Charter, Daily-Charter, Trip-Charter
Concept of insuring maritime risks
Insurance for shipowners and charterers
Insurance for cargo interests
Product and its quality in Shipping
Integrity and timely delivery of cargoes
Initial handling of cargo claims
Cargo care

Keep yourself refreshed!

A.O. Chepok

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

Ingress volumes - how much water flows into a damaged compartment

SOLAS CH II-1 Regulation 19 requires that each ship to be provided with the damage control information. Very often it is a thin file with the general arrangement plan showing boundaries of the watertight compartments with the openings and their means of closure, position of controls thereof, arrangements for the correction of any list due to flooding; watertight doors arrangement, general and specific precautions considered by the Administration to be vital to the survival of the ship, passengers and crew (i.e., closures, security of cargo, sounding of alarms, etc.).

Frankly speaking, on some ships I found it of just an illustrative use.

The same regulation says:

In case of ships to which damage stability requirements of part B-l apply, damage stability information shall provide the master with a simple and easily understandable way of assessing the ship's survivability in all damage cases involving a compartment or group of compartments. 

"simple and easily understandable way" - unfortunately I have never seen such even on the big brand-new ships.

What about taking decisions? when there is no time? Best of all when you have the knowledge a priori. For instance, when you have the idea of how much time is left to flood the compartment. In order to know that, we need to know how much water floods in.

Source: National Geographic

Ok, imagine the situation: Ship is flooding and you,  calculator in your hand, are look through your books searching for a formulae.
Or otherwise: You have a breach of 2m² below the waterline and still hope to pump it out with the bilge pump.

In such cases having an evaluation before any similar emergency breaks out is much better.

The table below shows the estimated volumes of water ingress (m³/h) into a damaged compartment.

WATER HEAD (metres below WL), m	AREA OF THE BREACH, m2
	SMALL		AVERAGE				LARGE
	0,01	0,05	0,10	0,15	0,20	0,50	0,75	1,00	1,50	2,00
1	104	518	1037	1555	2074	5180	7780	10370	15550	20740
2	147	726	1470	2200	2940	7260	11000	14700	22000	29400
3	180	898	1795	2695	3590	8980	13550	17950	26950	35900
4	208	1037	2075	3110	4150	10370	16550	20750	31100	41500
5	232	1160	2325	4650	5260	11600	17400	23250	34850	46500
6	254	1265	2540	3820	5080	12650	19100	25400	38400	50800
7	275	1370	2750	4130	5500	13700	20650	27500	41300	55000
8	294	1460	2940	4410	5870	14600	22000	29400	44100	58700
9	311	1555	3110	4670	6220	15550	23350	31100	46700	6220
10	318	1590	3180	4770	6360	15900	23850	31800	47700	63600

To estimate the time left to flood the compartment, divide the volume of the compartment by the figure taken from the table, then multiple it by the permeability factor (roughly 0.85 for E/R and 0.90 for cargo spaces).


A.O. Chepok

This text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.

Hall Anchor Dimensions and Weight

HALL ANCHOR

Weight, kg	Dimension, mm
	A	B	C	D	E	Ø
50	575	410	184	300	378	15
75	660	480	210	340	429	15
100	723	510	230	375	474	20
125	780	550	245	405	511	20
150	835	580	264	430	544	20
180	888	625	281	454	578	20
200	915	645	290	470	594	25
225	950	670	300	493	622	25
240	985	690	312	510	644	25
275	1020	710	322	527	666	25
300	1050	738	330	543	685	30
325	1075	758	338	557	703	30
360	1100	778	346	570	719	30
400	1150	810	360	595	752	30
420	1175	826	368	607	767	30
450	1200	845	373	620	784	35
480	1220	860	380	630	797	35
500	1240	875	386	640	810	35
570	1280	904	400	660	837	40
600	1320	930	410	680	860	40
660	1360	955	420	700	887	40
700	1390	980	430	715	907	45
750	1425	1000	440	730	927	45
780	1450	1030	450	750	948	45
850	1480	1050	460	765	968	50
900	1490	1053	480	772	970	50
950	1520	1072	484	787	994	50
1020	1545	1090	496	800	1005	55
1140	1600	1126	512	825	1037	55
1200	1650	1165	530	855	1076	55
1290	1670	1180	535	865	1089	60
1350	1700	1205	550	890	1120	60
1440	1800	1245	555	895	1147	65
1590	1890	1260	565	900	1181	65
1740	1910	1290	582	945	1238	65
1920	1930	1362	616	999	1262	70
2100	2020	1407	623	1020	1296	70
2280	2040	1446	640	1033	1332	70
2460	2120	1483	667	1076	1367	75
2640	2170	1519	672	1085	1400	75
2850	2200	1540	700	1140	1434	75
3060	2261	1596	720	1172	1480	80
3300	2330	1636	734	1180	1508	80
3540	2335	1650	674	1210	1528	80
3780	2679	1844	733	1295	1600	80
4050	2466	1740	712	1278	1613	90
4320	2557	1790	763	1290	1659	90
5490	2784	1889	780	1384	1709	90
4890	2923	2011	804	1413	1746	100
5250	2728	1910	846	1364	1760	100
5610	2788	1952	846	1394	1798	100
6000	3270	2033	829	1525	1878	110
6450	2920	2046	906	1461	1885	110
6900	2930	2064	932	1512	1904	110
7350	3072	2150	950	1536	1982	120
7800	3113	2179	965	1556	2008	120
8300	3208	2246	995	1604	2070	120
8700	3253	2270	1005	1626	2097	130
8900	3268	2275	1012	1634	2108	130
9300	3301	2311	1023	1650	2129	130
9900	3330	2360	1045	1686	2175	140
10200	3338	2372	1070	1694	2186	140
10500	3438	2407	1075	1719	2217	140
11000	3502	2452	1086	1751	2259	140
11700	3565	2495	1105	1780	2295	150
12300	3600	2520	1140	1800	2325	150
12900	3681	2577	1141	1840	2374	150
13500	3738	2616	1159	1869	2411	160
14100	3793	2655	1176	1896	2446	160
14700	3845	2690	1190	1925	2480	160
15400	3880	2716	1210	1940	2502	170
16100	3964	2775	1229	1982	2557	170
16900	4030	2820	1250	2015	2600	170
17800	4099	2869	1270	2049	2644	180
18800	4157	2920	1295	2085	2690	180
20000	4262	2985	1320	2130	2750	180
21500	4365	3055	1355	2180	2815	200
23000	4485	3125	1385	2230	2880	200
24500	4560	3190	1415	2280	2940	200
26000	4651	3255	1442	2325	2999	200
27500	4720	3315	1470	2370	3055	200
29000	4825	3375	1495	2410	3110	200